| 1. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Episodic and semantic memory in bilingual and monolingual children
- 2003
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 44:1, s. 47-54
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although bilinguality has been reported to confer advantages upon children with respect to various cognitive abilities, much less is known about the relation between memory and bilinguality. In this study, 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) bilingual and 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) monolingual children in three age groups (mean ages 8.5, 10.5 and 12.5 years) were compared on episodic memory and semantic memory tasks. Episodic memory was assessed using subject-performed tasks (with real or imaginary objects) and verbal tasks, with retrieval by both free recall and cued recall. Semantic memory was assessed by word fluency tests. Positive effects of bilingualism were found on both episodic memory and semantic memory at all age levels. These findings suggest that bilingual children integrate and/or organize the information of two languages, and so bilingualism creates advantages in terms of cognitive abilities (including memory). Some sex differences were also found in episodicmemory but not in semantic memory. This episodic memory difference was found with younger children.
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| 2. |
- Sikström, Sverker, et al.
(author)
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Using the cue elimination technique to derive an equation between performance in episodic tests
- 2004
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In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1464-0635 .- 0954-1446. ; 16:4, s. 481-510
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lawful equations describing relations between empirical measurable variables, that are free of fitted parameters, and that can be derived from simple assumptions, are rare in psychology. However, this paper proposes one such equation that describes the relation between the performances on four different explicit episodic memory tests: free recall, cued recall, recognition, and cued recognition. The performance on each test is determined by the strength of three different and independent cues: the event cue, the context cue, and the target cue. The Cue Elimination Technique (CET) is introduced where cues are eliminated so that equations can be rewritten so that performance on three tests can be used to predict performance on the fourth test. Results from five conditions show a nonsignificant deviation between the predicted and the empirical probabilities of retrieval. Two estimates of each cue strength, which are based on different data sets, can be made so that the cue strengths can be empirically validated. Manipulations of psychological variables produce meaningful effect on the cue strengths so that CET can be used to dissociate cue strengths in episodic memory.
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| 3. |
- de Frias, Cindy M, et al.
(author)
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COMT gene polymorphism is associated with declarative memory in adulthood and old age.
- 2004
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In: Behavior genetics. - New York : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0001-8244 .- 1573-3297. ; 34:5, s. 533-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Variation in memory performance is to a large extent explained by genes. In the prefrontal cortex, the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is essential in the metabolic degradation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter implicated in cognitive functions. The present study examined the effect of a polymorphism in the COMT gene on individual differences and changes in memory in adulthood and old age. Tests assessing episodic and semantic memory were administered to 286 men (initially aged 35-85 years) from a random sample of the population (i.e., the Betula prospective cohort study) at two occasions followed over a 5-year period. Carriers of the Met/Met genotype (with low enzyme activity) performed better on episodic and semantic memory, as compared to carriers of the Val allele (with higher enzyme activity). Division of episodic memory into its recall and recognition components showed that the difference was specific to episodic recall, not recognition tasks; an effect that was observed across three age groups (middle-age, young-old, and old-old adults) and over a 5-year period. The COMT gene is a plausible candidate gene for memory functioning in adulthood and old age.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Is there memory deficit in Parkinson’s disease? Explicit and implicit memory for verbal and action events
- 2001
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In: Advances in Cognitive Sciences. - Tehran : Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Qalam Gostaran Pajouhesh. - 1561-4174. ; 3:1-2, s. 28-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three experiments examined both encoding and test variable whether there is any memory deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison with normal controls. In Experiment 1, the effect of encoding enactment was tested in free recall and cued recall. In Experiment 2, the combinations of enactment/non enactment and well/poorly integration variables were used at encoding. Again, the subjects were tested by free and cued recall. In Experiment 3, recognition memory and sentence-fragment completion tests were used with the same encoding manipulations as in Experiment 2. In general, the results of all three experiments showed no difference between PD patients and normal controls indicating that there is no memory deficit for PD patients. However, it was observed that there was some recognition deficit (especially for well integrated and verbal items) in Parkins on patients. It was suggested that the similarity between encoding and retrieval and the stage of disease should be considered as important factors for any possible memory deficit in Parkinsonian patients. It was also concluded that Parkinson patients are less well able to utilize cognitive support.
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| 6. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The motor component is not crucial!
- 2001
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In: Memory for Action. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 0195115538 ; , s. 97-111
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 7. |
- Lewin, Catharina, 1972-
(author)
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Sex Differences in Memory and Other Cognitive Abilities
- 2003
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of the present thesis was to study sex differences in memory and other cognitive bilities in healthy adults. In Study I, participants performed a number of episodic memory tasks that were more or less verbal in nature. Results showed that women performed on a higher level than did men in the episodic memory tasks where it was possible to use verbal labels, whereas men performed on a higher level than did women in a visuospatial episodic memory task. In Study II, women’s advantage in face recognition was investigated.Results showed that women performed at a higher level than did men only in the recognition of other women’s faces. In Study III, sex differences in cognitive tasks as well as brain measures were investigated in healthy older adults. Results showed that only the sex differences in a motor task could, to some extent, be explained by sex differences in one of the brain measures. The findings, as well as possible explanations for these patterns of results, are discussed in a theoretical context.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Lars-Göran, et al.
(author)
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Betula : a prospective cohort study on memory, health and aging
- 2004
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In: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition. - Hove : Psychology Press. - 1382-5585 .- 1744-4128. ; 11:2-3, s. 134-148
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article describes the Betula Study with respect to objectives, design, participants, and assessment instruments for health and cognition. Three waves of data collection have been completed in 5-year intervals since 1988-1990. A fourth wave started in 2003 and will be completed in 2005. An overview of Betula research is presented under the headings of memory and cognition and cognitive neuroscience. Health-related issues and sex differences as well as comparisons between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are discussed in the first section. The influence of different genes and of some brain abnormalities for memory functioning in adulthood and old age constitute main topics in the second section. New data are presented on the association between blood pressure and dementia. We demonstrated that a demented group of participants had higher levels of systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure than non-dementia controls 10 years before diagnosis. The new fourth wave of data collection will, in addition to enriching the Betula database, permit revisiting and reanalyzing the existing data from new perspectives.
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| 9. |
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